Alder
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Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants (Alnus) belonging to the birch family (Family Betulaceae). The genus comprises about 30 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, few reaching large size, distributed throughout the North Temperate Zone and in the Americas along the Andes southwards to Argentina.
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Etymology
The common name alder is derived from an old Germanic root, also found to be the translation of the Old French verne for alder or copse of alders. The generic name Alnus is the equivalent Latin name. Both the Latin and the Germanic words derive from the Proto-Indo-European root el-, meaning "red" or "brown", which is also a root for the English words "elk" and another tree: "elm", a tree distantly related to the alders.
Description
With few exceptions, alders are deciduous (not evergreen), and their leaves are alternate, simple, and serrated. The flowers are catkins with elongate male catkins on the same plant as shorter female catkins, often before leaves appear; they are mainly wind-pollinated, but also visited by bees to a small extent. They differ from the birches (Betula, the other genus in the family) in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones.
The largest species are red alder (A. rubra) on the west coast of North America and black alder (A. glutinosa), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread green alder (A. viridis) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.
Ecology
Alder leaves and sometimes catkins are used as food by numerous butterflies and moths; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on alders.
A. glutinosa and A. viridis are classed as environmental weeds in New Zealand.
Nitrogen fixation
Alder is particularly noted for its important symbiotic relationship with Frankia alni, an actinomycete, filamentous, nitrogen-fixing bacterium. This bacterium is found in root nodules, which may be as large as a human fist, with many small lobes and light brown in appearance. The bacterium absorbs nitrogen from the air and makes it available to the tree. Alder, in turn, provides the bacterium with sugars, which it produces through photosynthesis. As a result of this mutually-beneficial relationship, alder improves the fertility of the soils where it grows, and as a pioneer species, it helps provide additional nitrogen for the successional species which follow.
Use by humans
The catkins of some alder species have a degree of edibility, and may be rich in protein. Reported to have a bitter and unpleasant taste, they are more useful for survival purposes. The wood of certain alder species is often used to smoke various food items.
Most of the pilings that form the foundation of the Italian city of Venice were made from alder trees.
Alder bark contains the anti-inflammatory salicin, which is metabolized into salicylic acid in the body. Native Americans used red alder bark (Alnus rubra) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations. Blackfeet Indians used an infusion made from the bark of red alder to treat lymphatic disorders and tuberculosis. Recent clinical studies have verified that red alder contains betulin and lupeol, compounds shown to be effective against a variety of tumors.
The inner bark of the alder, as well as red osier dogwood, or chokecherry, was also used by Native Americans in their smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick, to improve the taste of the bearberry leaf.
Alder is illustrated in the coat of arms for the Austrian town of Grossarl.
Electric guitars, most notably the Fender Stratocaster and Fender Telecaster, have been built with alder bodies since the 1950s. Alder is appreciated for its bright tone, and has been adopted by many electric guitar manufacturers.
Classification
The genus is divided into three subgenera:
Subgenus Alnus: Trees with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) but stay closed over winter, pollinating in late winter or early spring, about 15–25 species, including:
- Alnus acuminata—Andean alder, Andes Mountains, South America
- Alnus cordata—Italian alder, Italy
- Alnus cremastogyne
- Alnus firma—Kyūshū (Japan)
- Alnus glutinosa—black alder, Europe
- Alnus incana—grey alder, Eurasia
- Alnus hirsuta (A. incana subsp. hirsuta)—Manchurian alder, northeastern Asia, and central Asia in mountains
- Alnus oblongifolia (A. incana subsp. oblongifolia)—Arizona alder, southwestern North America
- Alnus rugosa (A. incana subsp. rugosa)—speckled alder, northeastern North America
- Alnus tenuifolia (A. incana subsp. tenuifolia)—thinleaf or mountain alder, northwestern North America
- Alnus japonica—Japanese alder, Japan
- Alnus jorullensis—Mexican alder, Mexico, Guatemala (one of the few evergreen species)
- Alnus mandshurica— Russian Far East, China, Korea
- Alnus matsumurae—Honshū (Japan)
- Alnus nepalensis—Nepalese alder, eastern Himalaya, southwest China
- Alnus orientalis—Oriental alder, southern Turkey, northwest Syria, Cyprus
- Alnus pendula—Japan, Korea
- Alnus rhombifolia—white alder, interior western North America
- Alnus rubra—red alder, west coastal North America
- Alnus serrulata—hazel alder, tag alder or smooth alder, eastern North America
- Alnus sieboldiana—Honshū (Japan)
- Alnus subcordata—Caucasian alder, Caucasus, Iran
- Alnus trabeculosa—China, Japan
Subgenus Clethropsis. Trees or shrubs with stalked shoot buds, male and female catkins produced in autumn (fall) and expanding and pollinating then, three species:
- Alnus formosana—Formosan alder, Taiwan
- Alnus maritima—seaside alder, east coastal North America, plus disjunct population in Oklahoma
- Alnus nitida—Himalayan alder, western Himalaya
Subgenus Alnobetula. Shrubs wit shoot buds not stalked, male and female catkins produced in late spring (after leaves appear) and expanding and pollinating then, one to four species:
- Alnus viridis—green alder, widespread:
- Alnus viridis subsp. viridis - Eurasia
- Alnus viridis subsp. maximowiczii (A. maximowiczii) - Japan
- Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (A. crispa) - northern North America
- Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata (A. sinuata, Sitka alder or slide alder - western North America, far northeastern Siberia
References
- ^ Clayson, Howell (May 2008). Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation. ISBN 978-0-478-14412-3.
- ^ Plants For A Future (Database)
- ^ Kendall, Paul (25 August 2010). "Mythology and Folklore of the Alder". Trees for life. http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/forest/mythfolk/alder.html. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- ^ Ewing, Susan. The Great Alaska Nature Factbook. Portland: Alaska Northwest Books, 1996.
- ^ Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
- ^ Staff (2009) "Bearberry" Discovering Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation
Further reading
- Chen, Zhiduan and Li, Jianhua (2004). Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Alnus (Betulaceae) Inferred from Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: 325–335.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alnus |
- Flora Europaea: Alnus
- Flora of Bolivia: Alnus
- Flora of China: Alnus
- Flora of North America: Alnus
- Flora of Pakistan: Alnus
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