Malayalam literature
The term Malayalam literature (മലയാള സാഹിത്യം) refers to literature written in Malayalam language. Malayalam is the language spoken by around 40 million people, mainly the inhabitants of the state of Kerala and the union territory of Lakshadweep Islands in India. Malayalam is a member of South Dravidian language family of which Tamil, Kannada, Tulu, Kodaga, Badaga, Toda and Koda are members. Historically, Kerala had been receptive to foreign influence and this has had effect on the Malayalam literature also, which has evolved over time.
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Early literature
For the first 500 years of the Malayalam calendar, Malayalam literature remained in a preliminary stage. During this time, Malayalam literature consisted mainly of various genres of songs. The most prominent among them were songs praising the goddesses of the land, ballads of brave warriors, songs related to the work of a particular caste and songs intended just for entertainment. Bhardakali pattu, thottam pattu, mavaratham pattu, sasthanga pattu, nizhalkoothu pattu, sarpa pattu, sastham pattu, thiyyattu pattu, pulluvar pattu, mannar pattu, panar pattu, krishi pattu, thamburan pattu, pada pattu, villadichan pattu, onappattu, kummi and lullaby were some of the major subgenres. All these names were not used historically, but are used in modern times to describe the song genres of at that time.
Ramacharitham
Ramacharitham is a collection of poems written at the end of preliminary stage in Malayalam literature's evolution. It is the oldest Malayalam book available. The collection has 1814 poems in it. Ramachritham mainly consists of stories from Yuddha Kanda of Ramayana. It is written by a poet named Cheeramakavi who, according to poet Ulloor S. Parameshwaya Aiyer was Sree Veerarama Varman, a king of Travancore from AD 1195 to 1208. Some other experts like Dr. K.M. George and P.V. Krishnan Nair claim that the origin of the book is in north Kerala citing the use of certain words in the book and also the fact that the manuscript of the book was actually recovered from Neeleshwaram in north Kerala. Some experts consider it as a Tamil literary piece. According to A. R. Rajaraja Varma who heavily contributed in the development of Malayalam grammar, is of the opinion that Malayalam originated from ancient Tamil. Ramacharitham is considered as a book written during the forming years of Malayalam. According to Rev. Dr. Hermann Gundert who compiled the first dictionary in Malayalam language, Ramacharitham shows the ancient of Malayalam language.
Early Prose Literature
List of early prose literature in 19th century.
Allegories
Plays
Stories
Novels
Apologues
Notable Malayalam writers
The field of Malayalam writers include the following people, from various disciplines and periods.
Art criticism
- Guru Māni Mādhava Chākyār, author of the Nātyakalpadrumam theatrical study
Poetry
- Ramakatha pattu of Ayyappilli Asan
- Manipravalam
- Champukkal
- Niranam poets
- Cherusseri Namboothiri
- Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
- Poonthanam Namboothiri
- Arnos Paathiri (1681–1732)
- Unnayi Warrier
- Kunchan Nambiar (1705–1770)
- Irayimman Thampi
- Kerala Varma Valiya Koyithampuran
- Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai (1859–1936)
- K. C. Kesava Pillai (1868–1914)
- Kumaran Asan (1873–1924)
- Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer (1877–1949)
- Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878–1958)
Modern Romantics
- Edappalli Raghavan Pillai (1909–1936)
- Changampuzha Krishna Pillai (1911–1948)
- P. Kunhiraman Nair (1906–1978)
- Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup
- Pala Narayanan Nair
- M.P.Appan
- Bodheswaran
Other modern poets
- G. Sankara Kurup (1900–1978)
- Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon (1911–1985)
- Edasseri Govindan Nair
- N. V. Krishna Warrier
- Thirunalloor Karunakaran
- Vayalar Ramavarma
- O. N. V. Kurup
- Punaloor Balan
- Akkitham
- Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
- Sugathakumari
- M. Govindan
- K. Ayyappa Panicker
- Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
- Attoor Ravi Varma
- Satchidanandan
- Lalitha Lenin
- Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
- D. Vinayachandran
- Kureepuzha Sreekumar
- Balachandran Chullikkadu
- A. Ayyappan
- Nellikkal Muraleedharan
- V Madhusoodanan Nair
- Attoor Ravi Varma
Post-modern poets
- Adiyeri Gangadharan
- Anvar Ali
- A. C. Sreehari
- Manoj Kuroor
- Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
- M.S. Banesh
- P. Raman
- P. P. Ramachandran
- Rose Mary
- S. Joseph
- Syam Sudhakar
- T. P. Rajeevan
- V. M. Girija
- Veerankutty
- Kavitha Balakrishnan
- Kattakada Murugan
- Satyan Madakkara
Fiction
Nineteenth century
- O. Chandhu Menon (1847–1900)
- C. V. Raman Pillai (1858–1922)
- Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
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Arabic literature |
Modern
- Karur Neelakanta Pillai (1898–1974)
- P. Kesava Dev (1904–1983)
- Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1908–1994)
- Ponkunnam Varkey (1908–2004)
- S. K. Pottekkatt (1913–1982)
- Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1914–1999)
- Uroob (1915–1979)
- Lalithambika Antharjanam (1909–1987)
- Malayatoor Ramakrishnan (1927–1997)
- K. Saraswathi Amma (1919–1974)
- P. K. Balakrishnan (1926–1991)
- V. K. N. (1932–2004)
- O. V. Vijayan (1930–2005)
- Parappurath (K.E. Mathai)
- Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair
- K.Surendran
- Pattathuvila Karunakaran
- M. Mukundan
- P. Padmarajan (1945–1991)
- Zacharia
- M. T. Vasudevan Nair
- T. Padmanabhan
- P. M. Taj (1956–1990)
- Kamala Surayya (Madhavikkutti, Kamala Das)
- Anand
- N. S. Madhavan
- N. P. Mohammed
- Kovilan
- M. P. Narayana Pillai
- George Onakkur
- E. Harikumar
- C. Radhakrishnan
- Joy J. Kaimaparamban
- Benyamin
Post-modern fiction
Children's literature
Essayists
Literary criticism
- Joseph Mundasseri (1901–1977)
- Kesari Balakrishna Pillai (1889–1960)
- Kuttikrishna Marar (1900–1973)
- M. P. Paul (1904–1952)
- K.Damodaran
- S. Guptan Nair
- M. Krishnan Nair
- M. N. Vijayan
- K. M. Daniel
- Sukumar Azhikode
- M.Krishnan Nair
- K. P. Appan
- Narendra Prasad
- V. C. Sreejan
- S. Rajasekharan
- M.K Sanoo
Film Criticism
Translation
Others
- Jyesthadevan
- Rev. Dr. Hermann Gundert
- Kottarathil Sankunni
- Krishna chaithanya (K.Krishnan Nair)
- P Madhavan Pillai
- Leela sarkar
See also
References
- ^ S. Parameshwara Aiyer, Ulloor (1990), Kerala Sahithya Chrithram (History of literature of Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: University of Kerala
- ^ Leelavathi, Dr. M., Malayala Kavitha Sahithya Chrithram (History of Malayalam poetry)
- ^ Gundert, Rev. Dr. Hermann (1868)), Malayalabhasha Vyakaranam (Grammar of Malayalam language
- ^ Irumbayam, Dr. George (January 1997) [1984] (in Malayalam). മലയാള നോവൽ പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ (malayāḷa nōval pattonpatāṁ nūṯāṇṭil) [Malayalam Novel in Nineteenth Century] (Study) (First D.C.P ed.). Thiruvananthapuram: Cultural Publication Section, Government of Kerala.
External links
- http://www.harithakam.com Harithakam, Malayalam poetry site. Profile of Malayalam poets
- Information on Malayalam Literature at Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala
- Puzha.com - The First Online Malayalam Literary Magazine
- A List of Malayalam Authors and their works
- A collection of literary works from the writer and journalist Manoj Bharathy
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References
- ^ S. Parameshwara Aiyer, Ulloor (1990), Kerala Sahithya Chrithram (History of literature of Kerala), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: University of Kerala
- ^ Leelavathi, Dr. M., Malayala Kavitha Sahithya Chrithram (History of Malayalam poetry)
- ^ Gundert, Rev. Dr. Hermann (1868)), Malayalabhasha Vyakaranam (Grammar of Malayalam language
- ^ Irumbayam, Dr. George (January 1997) [1984] (in Malayalam). മലയാള നോവൽ പത്തൊമ്പതാം നൂറ്റാണ്ടിൽ (malayāḷa nōval pattonpatāṁ nūṯāṇṭil) [Malayalam Novel in Nineteenth Century] (Study) (First D.C.P ed.). Thiruvananthapuram: Cultural Publication Section, Government of Kerala.