Marathi poetry
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Earliest prominent Marathi poetry
The two poets, Namdev (Devanagari: नामदेव) and Dnyaneshwar (Devanagari: ज्ञानेश्वर), wrote the earliest significant poetry in Marathi. They were respectively born in 1270 and 1275 CE in Maharashtra, India, and both wrote religious poetry. A little over 400 verses in the so-called “abhang” (अभंग) form are authentically attributed to Namdev. Dnyaneshwar composed his poetry in the so-called “owi” (ओवी) form. His compositions Bhavartha Deepika (भावार्थदीपिका), popularly known as Dnyaneshwari (ज्ञानेश्वरी) and Amrutanubhawa (अमृतानुभव) respectively consisted of 9,037 and about 800 “owis” (ओव्या).
16th, 17th and 18th century poetry
Eknath (एकनाथ), who lived in the sixteenth century (1533 – 1599) was the next prominent poet in Marathi. The seventeenth century produced first-rate poets Tukaram (तुकाराम) (1598 – 1649), Mukteshwar (मुक्तेश्वर) (1609 - 1660), Ramdas (रामदास) (1608-1681), Vaman Pandit (वामनपंडित) (1608-1695), Raghunath Pandit (रघुनाथपंडित), and Shridhar Pandit (श्रीधरपंडित) (1658 - 1729). Moropant (मोरोपंत) (1729-1794) was the prime poet of the eighteenth century.
All above poets wrote either religious or semireligious compositions. Some details of the works of the poets whose names are highlighted above are available in their Wikipedia articles. (Very briefly, Ramdas wrote Dasabodh (दासबोध); Vaman Pandit wrote Yathartha Dipika (यथार्थदीपिका); Raghunath Pandit wrote Nala Damayanti Swayamvara (नलदमयंती स्वयंवर); and Shridhar Pandit wrote Harivijay (हरिविजय), Ramavijay (रामविजय), Pandavpratap (पांडवप्रताप), and Shivaleelamrut (शिवलीलामृत)).
Moropant's Aryabharata (आर्याभारत) was the first epic in Marathi.
19th century poetry
The early nineteenth century Marathi poetry consisted of “powada” (पोवाडे: ballads), “phataka” (फटके), and "lawani” ("लावण्या), which were composed by “tantakawi” (तंतकवि) or “shahir” (शाहीर). Prominent among those poets were Parasharam (परशराम), Honaji Bal (होनाजी बाळ), Anantaphandi (अनंतफंदी), Ram Joshi (रामजोशी), and Prabhakar (प्रभाकर).
By the time the second half of the nineteenth century commenced, the rule of British East India Company had been firmly established in India, and the consequent study of English and English literature by the elite of Indian society produced in the mid-nineteenth century Marathi composers like Krushnashastri Chipalunkar (कृष्णशास्त्री चिपळूणकर), Kunte (कुंटे), Lembhe (लेंभे), and Mogare (मोगरे) whose Marathi poetry showed influences of both Sanskrit and English poetry.
In the fourth quarter of the nineteenth century, inspired by the poetry of English poets like Wordsworth and Tennyson, poets Keshavasuta (केशवसुत) (1866-1905) and Rev. Tilak (रेव्हरंड टिळक) (1862 - ?) extended the horizon of Marathi poetry to encompass beauty in nature, love, romance, and mysticism as the subjects of their poetry.
20th century and latest poetry
Modern Marathi poetry began with Mahatma Jyotiba Phule's compositions. The later poets like Keshavsuta, Balakavi, Govindagraj, and the poets of Ravi Kiran Mandal like Madhav Julian wrote poetry which was influenced by the Romantic and Victorian English poetry. It was largely sentimental and lyrical.Prahlad Keshav Atre, the renowned satirist and a politician wrote a parody of this sort of poetry in his collection Jhenduchi Phule.
The major paradigm shift in sensibility began in the forties with the avant-garde modernist poetry of BS Mardhekar. In the mid fifties, the 'little magazine movement' gained momentum. It published writings which were non-conformist, radical and experimental. Dalit literary movement also gained strength due to the little magazine movement. This radical movement was influenced by the philosophy of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and challenged the literary establishment which was largely middle class, urban, and upper caste people. The little magazine movement threw up many excellent writers. Bhalchandra Nemade is a well known novelist, critic and poet. The poetry of Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, Namdeo Dhasal, Vasant Abaji Dahake, Manohar Oak and many other modernist poets is complex, rich and provocative.
Another major paradigm shift in Marathi sensibility began in the nineties with the criticism of Shridhar Tilve.Shridhar Tilve announced the outdatedness of postsixty generation in his article CHAUTHA SHODH.(see chautha shodh NAVYANCHI AKSHAR CHALVAL SEP-OCT ISSUE 1992 ED.AROON MHATRE) His first collection of poems(EKA BHARTIYA VIDYARTHACHE UDGAR) published in 1991 by POPULAR PRAKASHAN . Before his arrival almost 99% poets were either ROMANTIC (Like Hemant Divate who published romantic GAZZAL VISHESHANK DEVOTED TO SURESH BHAT ENCOUNTERING REBELLIOUS SAUSHTHAV 93 see gazal visheshank ABHIDHA varsh pahile choutha ank 1993 ED HEMANT DIWATE) OR CONFUSED POSTSIXTY DEVOTEE like Arun Mhatre. He was followed by another avant-garde modernist poetry of poets associated with (Saushthav 9 feb 1993) Abhidhanantar 1999 and later Shabadavedh which joined this movement in 1999 with navvadottaree visheshank EDITED BY ABHIJEET DESHPANDE .Shridhar Tilve and Hemant Divate came together and edited CHAUTHI NAVTA VISHESHANK of ABHIDHA which created havok in Marathi and traditional people filed the case against this issue and poem BANDHKAM CHALU AHE written by SHRIDHAR TILVE.(see ABHIDHA AUGUST 1996 ED.SHRIDHAR TILVE HEMANT DIVATE )SHIVSAINIKS attacked the poet, torn down his PH.D THESIS & novel ADAHAWKABANASUNA ( which was later published by SHABDWELL PRAKASAN IN 2008) After this the poem and poet was discussed by Arun Tikekar in LOKSATTA A DAILY NEWSPAPER and the post nineties, this 'new little magazine movement' gained momentum and poets like (Shridhar Tilve) Manya Joshi, Hemant Divate, Sachin Ketkar, Mangesh Narayanrao Kale, Saleel Wagh, Mohan Borse, Nitin Kulkarni, Nitin Arun Kulkarni, Varjesh Solanki, Sandeep Deshpande, Prafull Shiledar, Nitin Wagh, Dnyanda touched the new areas of post-modern life. The poetry collections of these poets are broughtout by Abhidhanantar Prakashan, Popular Prakashan, Granthali prakashan ,Time and Space communication Shabdwell prakashan Navta prakashan.Now, the regular issues of the magazine Abhidhanantar and irregular issues of Khel Saushthav are taking Marathi poetry to the global standards. Another leading wave in contemporary Marathi poetry is the poetry of non-urban poets like Arun Kale, Bhujang Meshram, Pravin Bandekar, Sandip Desai (संदीप देसाई): Antarik Odh (अंतरीक ओढ).
External links
- A brief outline of Marathi literature
- Dilip Chitre on History of Marathi Poetry
- Marathi poetry in Early twentieth Century
- Introduction to Recent Marathi poetry along with Marathi poems and their English translation
- English Translation of Recent Marathi poetry by Sachin Ketkar
- Some Famous Marathi Poems in Marathi Font